Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Esculetin and Fucoidan Attenuate Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles through Modulating Reactive Astrocyte and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Rat Brain

doi: 10.3390/toxics10040194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of treatment with esculetin or fucoidan on serum proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, in ZnO NP-exposed rats. ZnO NP administration dose-dependently increased serum IL-1β ( A ), but not TNF-α ( B ). Esculetin and fucoidan significantly inhibited the elevation of IL-1β induced by ZnO NPs. Data represent the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared to control. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 compared to ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) group ( n = 6).

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were purchased from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques:

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Esculetin and Fucoidan Attenuate Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles through Modulating Reactive Astrocyte and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Rat Brain

doi: 10.3390/toxics10040194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of esculetin and fucoidan on serum antioxidant enzymes ( A , B ) and oxidative stress biomarkers ( C , D ) in ZnO NP-exposed rats. ZnO NP administration significantly decreased serum SOD ( B ), but not CAT ( A ). Esculetin (25 mg/kg) ameliorated the reduction of SOD level. However, esculetin and fucoidan significantly increased CAT level compared to controls. ZnO NP dose-dependently increased 3-NT ( C ) and 8-OHdG levels in serum. Esculetin ameliorated the changes in 3-NT and 8-OHdG levels, while fucoidan ameliorated only the change in 3-NT level. Data represent the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001 compared to control. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 compared to ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) group ( n = 6). N.A. = not assayed.

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were purchased from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques:

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Esculetin and Fucoidan Attenuate Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles through Modulating Reactive Astrocyte and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Rat Brain

doi: 10.3390/toxics10040194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of esculetin or fucoidan treatment on proinflammatory cytokines, brain IL-1β ( A ) and TNF-α ( B ), and antioxidant enzymes, CAT ( C ) and SOD ( D ), in ZnO NP-exposed rats. ZnO NP administration significantly increased brain IL-1β ( A ) and TNF-α ( B ) compared to controls. Esculetin and fucoidan significantly inhibited the elevation of brain IL-1β and TNF-α induced by ZnO NPs. Brain CAT was elevated by ZnO NP (100 mg/kg) administration, but SOD was significantly decreased by ZnO NP exposure. Esculetin and fucoidan contributed to normalization of CAT levels, but not SOD levels. Data represent the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001 compared to control. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 compared to ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) group ( n = 6).

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were purchased from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques:

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Esculetin and Fucoidan Attenuate Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles through Modulating Reactive Astrocyte and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Rat Brain

doi: 10.3390/toxics10040194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of esculetin and fucoidan on ZnO NP-induced alterations in brain 8-OHdG ( A ) and AChE ( B ) levels in rats. ZnO NP administration dose-dependently decreased 8-OHdG concentration. Esculetin and fucoidan reduced 8-OHdG compared to the ZnO NP (100 mg/kg) treatment group. Brain AChE levels were significantly decreased by treatment with 100 mg/kg ZnO NPs. However, esculetin and fucoidan did not ameliorate this reduction in brain AChE level. Data represent the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to control. ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 compared to ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) group ( n = 6).

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were purchased from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Esculetin and Fucoidan Attenuate Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles through Modulating Reactive Astrocyte and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Rat Brain

doi: 10.3390/toxics10040194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of esculetin or fucoidan treatment on the brain autophagy biomarker, beclin-1, and apoptosis biomarker, caspase-3, in ZnO NP-exposed rats. ZnO NP administration dose-dependently increased brain beclin-1 ( A ) and caspase-3 ( B ) levels. Esculetin and fucoidan significantly inhibited these increases in beclin-1 and caspase-3 levels induced by ZnO NPs. Data represent the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to control. ### p < 0.001 compared to ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) group ( n = 6).

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were purchased from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Biomarker Assay

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Esculetin and Fucoidan Attenuate Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles through Modulating Reactive Astrocyte and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Rat Brain

doi: 10.3390/toxics10040194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of rat hippocampus treated with vehicle as a control ( A – C ) or ZnO NPs ( D – F ). Representative hippocampal neurons ( B , E ) are shown in higher magnification views of the black squares in ( A , D ). The endoplasmic reticulum (arrowhead) and mitochondria (asterisk) were intact ( B , E ). Cytoplasmic swelling (arrow) ( F ) of astrocytes in the ZnO NP treatment group showed a clear distinction compared to control ( C ). N: nucleus.

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were purchased from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Esculetin and Fucoidan Attenuate Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles through Modulating Reactive Astrocyte and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Rat Brain

doi: 10.3390/toxics10040194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histopathological examination by H&E staining in the hippocampus of control and ZnO NP-treated rats with or without esculetin (25 mg/kg) or fucoidan (30 mg/kg) treatment. Control ( A ), ZnO NPs (10 mg/kg) ( B ), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) ( C ), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) + esculetin (25 mg/kg) ( D ), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) + fucoidan (30 mg/kg) ( E ), esculetin (25 mg/kg) only ( F ), fucoidan (30 mg/kg) only ( G ). Scale bars = 200 μm.

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were purchased from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Esculetin and Fucoidan Attenuate Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles through Modulating Reactive Astrocyte and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Rat Brain

doi: 10.3390/toxics10040194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histopathological examination by immunostaining with anti-NSE antibody in the hippocampus of control and ZnO NP-treated rats with or without esculetin (25 mg/kg) or fucoidan (30 mg/kg) treatment. Control ( A ), ZnO NPs (10 mg/kg) ( B ), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) ( C ), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) + esculetin (25 mg/kg) ( D ), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) + fucoidan (30 mg/kg) ( E ), esculetin (25 mg/kg) only ( F ), fucoidan (30 mg/kg) only ( G ). Scale bars = 200 μm.

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were purchased from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Immunostaining

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Esculetin and Fucoidan Attenuate Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles through Modulating Reactive Astrocyte and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Rat Brain

doi: 10.3390/toxics10040194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunostaining of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1) in the hippocampus of control and ZnO NP-treated rats with or without esculetin (25 mg/kg) or fucoidan (30 mg/kg) treatment. Control ( A ), ZnO NPs (10 mg/kg) ( B ), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) ( C ), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) + esculetin (25 mg/kg) ( D ), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) + fucoidan (30 mg/kg) ( E ), esculetin (25 mg/kg) only ( F ), fucoidan (30 mg/kg) only ( G ). Quantitative examination of Iba-1-positive cells in the hippocampus ( H ). Data represent the mean ± SEM ( n = 3). All samples were counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bars = 200 μm.

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were purchased from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Immunostaining, Binding Assay

Journal: Toxics

Article Title: Esculetin and Fucoidan Attenuate Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles through Modulating Reactive Astrocyte and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Rat Brain

doi: 10.3390/toxics10040194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the hippocampus of control and ZnO NP-treated rats with or without esculetin (25 mg/kg) or fucoidan (30 mg/kg) treatment. Control ( A ), ZnO NPs (10 mg/kg) ( B ), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) ( C ), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) + esculetin (25 mg/kg) ( D ), ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) + fucoidan (30 mg/kg) ( E ), esculetin (25 mg/kg) only ( F ), fucoidan (30 mg/kg) only ( G ). Semi-quantitative analysis of GFAP-positive area in the hippocampus ( H ). All samples were counterstained with hematoxylin. Data represent the mean ± SEM ( n = 3). *** p < 0.001 compared to control, ### p < 0.001 compared to ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) group. Scale bars = 200 μm.

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were purchased from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Immunostaining

Journal: Nanomaterials

Article Title: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis via Oxidative Injury and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Primary Astrocyte Cultures

doi: 10.3390/nano9071043

Figure Lengend Snippet: TEM ( A – C ) and scanning electron microscopy ( D ) images of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). ZnO NPs exhibited an agglomerated and rod-shape morphology.

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were obtained from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Electron Microscopy

Journal: Nanomaterials

Article Title: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis via Oxidative Injury and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Primary Astrocyte Cultures

doi: 10.3390/nano9071043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dose-toxicity of ZnO NPs in primary cultured astrocyte cells. Cell viability was assessed using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release ( A ) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction ( B ) assays. Representative microscopic images of astrocytes using phase-contrast ( C – E ): ( C ) control; ( D ) 3 µg/mL of ZnO NPs; ( E ) 10 µg/mL of ZnO NPs. Data represents the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared to control ( n = 4).

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were obtained from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Cell Culture

Journal: Nanomaterials

Article Title: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis via Oxidative Injury and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Primary Astrocyte Cultures

doi: 10.3390/nano9071043

Figure Lengend Snippet: TEM images of astrocyte morphology. TEM images of astrocytes treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) ( A ) and astrocytes incubated with ZnO NPs at a concentration of 3 µg/mL for 24 h ( B ). ( C , D ) are magnified images of the arrow and arrowhead in ( B ), respectively. The black arrow and arrowhead indicate autophagolysosomes induced by ZnO NPs. * Swelling of the endoplastic reticulum (ER). N: nucleus.

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were obtained from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Incubation, Concentration Assay

Journal: Nanomaterials

Article Title: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis via Oxidative Injury and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Primary Astrocyte Cultures

doi: 10.3390/nano9071043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of ZnO NPs on autophagic LC3 intensity in primary cultured astrocyte cells. Mean autophagy intensity gradually increased at toxic concentrations of ZnO NPs at 12 h and 24 h ( A ). Representative flow cytometry data for the control and ZnO NPs (3 µg/mL, 5 µg/mL, and 10 µg/mL) at 12 h ( B ) and 24 h ( C ). Data represents the mean ± SEM. ** p < 0.01 and ## p < 0.01 compared to the respective controls ( n = 4).

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were obtained from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Nanomaterials

Article Title: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis via Oxidative Injury and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Primary Astrocyte Cultures

doi: 10.3390/nano9071043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of ZnO NPs on apoptosis profiles (live, apoptotic, apoptotic/dead, dead, and total apoptotic) of primary cultured astrocyte cells. ( A ). Representative flow cytometry data for the control, ZnO NPs (3 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL), and ZnO NPs (3 µg/mL) + N-acylcysteine (NAC) at 12 h are illustrated in ( B ). Nuclear condensation observed by 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining in untreated cultured astrocyte cells ( C ) and cultured astrocyte cells treated with 3 µg/mL of ZnO NPs ( D ), 10 µg/mL of ZnO NPs ( E ), and 3 µg/mL of ZnO NPs + NAC (1 mM) ( F ) for 24 h. Arrowhead indicates fluorescent DAPI–DNA complex (+) cells. Data represents the mean ± SEM. ** p < 0.01 and ## p < 0.01 compared to the respective controls ( n = 4).

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were obtained from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Flow Cytometry, Staining

Journal: Nanomaterials

Article Title: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis via Oxidative Injury and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Primary Astrocyte Cultures

doi: 10.3390/nano9071043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of ZnO NPs on the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 ( A ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α ( B ) and the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) ( C ) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) ( D ) in primary cultured astrocyte cells. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly elevated at 24 h following exposure to 10 µg/mL of ZnO NPs compared with the control. NAC treatment (0.5 mM) restored the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α to that of the control. The levels of SOD and GPx were significantly decreased by ZnO NP treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Data represents the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to the respective controls. ## p < 0.01 compared to 3 µg/mL ZnO NPs; §§ p < 0.01, §§§ p < 0.001 compared to 10 µg/mL of ZnO NPs ( n = 4).

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were obtained from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Cell Culture

Journal: Nanomaterials

Article Title: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis via Oxidative Injury and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Primary Astrocyte Cultures

doi: 10.3390/nano9071043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of ZnO NPs on activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) dual pathway in primary cultured astrocyte cells. ZnO NPs significantly increased PI3K/MAPK dual pathway activation at 3 µg/mL ( A ) and 10 µg/mL ( B ). NAC and LY294002 significantly inhibited PI3K/MAPK dual pathway activation. Representative flow cytometry data for the control, ZnO NPs (3 and 10 µg/mL), ZnO NPs (3 or 10 µg/mL) + NAC, and ZnO NPs (3 or 10 µg/mL) + LY294002 (5 µM) at 12 h are illustrated in ( C ). Data represents the mean ± SEM. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to the respective controls. ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 compared to 3 or 10 µg/mL ZnO NPs ( n = 4).

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were obtained from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Cell Culture, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Nanomaterials

Article Title: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis via Oxidative Injury and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Primary Astrocyte Cultures

doi: 10.3390/nano9071043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Protective effects of BML-257 ( A ) and rapamycin ( B ) on ZnO NP-induced toxicity in primary astrocyte cultures. At a higher dose (30 µM) of rapamycin, ZnO NP-mediated toxicity was potentiated. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using an LDH release assay. Data represents the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared to ZnO NPs ( n = 4).

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were obtained from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay

Journal: Nanomaterials

Article Title: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis via Oxidative Injury and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Primary Astrocyte Cultures

doi: 10.3390/nano9071043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Protective effects of BAPTA/AM (1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid/acetoxymethyl ester) ( A ), nimodipine ( B ), α-tocopherol ( C ), NAC ( D ), N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN) ( E ), and deferoxamine ( F ) on ZnO NP-induced toxicity in astrocyte cultures. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using LDH release and MTT reduction assays. Data represents the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared to ZnO NPs ( n = 4).

Article Snippet: ZnO NPs (Lot No.: D28X017, Cat. No. 44898, ZnO NPs, ZnO NanoGard ® ) were obtained from Alfa Aesar Co. (Ward Hill, Haverhill, MA, USA); the average particle size of the ZnO NPs in the powder was 67 nm (40–100 nm), and the range of the specific surface area (based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller [BET] theory) was 16 m 2 /g (10–25 m 2 /g).

Techniques: